§1 Word analogies: name the relationship
Turn the first pair into a sentence ('A thermometer measures temperature'), then test each option in the same sentence.
| Relationship | Example |
|---|---|
| Tool : function | scissors : cut |
| Instrument : what it measures | barometer : pressure |
| Part : whole | page : book |
| Worker : product | author : novel |
| Cause : effect | drought : famine |
| Degree (mild : extreme) | warm : scorching |
| Synonym / antonym | candid : frank / candid : guarded |
§2 Conditional logic
| Given 'If P then Q' and … | Valid? | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|
| P is true | Valid (modus ponens) | Q is true |
| Q is false | Valid (modus tollens) | P is false |
| Q is true | Invalid (affirming the consequent) | Nothing about P |
| P is false | Invalid (denying the antecedent) | Nothing about Q |
§3 Syllogisms with 'all' and 'some'
§4 Assumptions and conclusions
§5 Data interpretation
§6 Worked examples
Example 1
All supervisors are permanent employees. No permanent employee is a contractual worker. Conclusion: No supervisor is a contractual worker.
- Supervisors sit entirely inside permanent employees.
- Permanent employees and contractual workers do not overlap.
- So supervisors cannot overlap with contractual workers either.
Answer Valid — the conclusion follows.
Example 2
If a code shifts each letter two places forward, how is FILE coded?
- F→H, I→K, L→N, E→G.
Answer HKNG
! Common traps
- Picking a conclusion that is likely in real life but not forced by the premises.
- Reversing the analogy pair (book : page instead of page : book).
- Using the later value as the base for a percent change.
Coverage sources: Examination Announcement No. 03, s. 2026; Examination Advisory No. 10, s. 2026